X-1 Flare Yesterday with a Nice Coronal Dimming

The X-1 flare on Saturday produced a very nice example of coronal dimming. Here is a short movie showing five hours of the Sun in the AIA 193 passband. After the flare happens in the upper right quadrant at 1755 UTC on March 29, 2014, a dark region spreads over the north pole. This is a coronal dimming event. There are many ways to interpret these dimming events. Are they the edges of the coronal mass ejection that left the Sun at the time of the flare? Are they waves moving past magnetic field lines and making them sway? Whatever it is, it moves fast. Active Region 12017 is at 10°N 48°W. If something moves from there to the north pole of the Sun (90°N) in 45 minutes it had to move at about 360 km/s (800,000 mph). I only see the dimming moving north.

Wherever coronal dimmings come from, they look pretty cool.

Momentum Management Maneuver Today

Today at 1840 UTC (2:40 pm ET) SDO will execute a momentum management maneuver. For about 45 minutes from 1815 to 1900 UTC SDO data may be unavailable.

SDO on the Astronomy Picture of the Day

An very nice animation of SDO images for the month of January 2014 is featured on the Astronomy Picture of the Day for March 12, 2014. The images show the brighter active latitudes on either side of the equator, a coronal hole in the northern hemisphere, and filaments covering the disk of the Sun. In the HMI visible light image in the six-image montage you can see the sunspots that make up the active regions. The image is too small to see the faculae that go along with sunspots, but the latest HMI flattened image shows them quite well.

January's 31 days are a little longer than one solar rotation of 27.27 days. That means you see a part of the Sun that is just off limb at the beginning of the month a second time as that part of the Sun rotates back into view. Active region 11944 is present throughout the month in the southern hemisphere and reappears as AR 11967 at the end of the movie. AR 11946 grows in the northern hemisphere and will reappear as AR 11968. AR 11944 will also return as AR 11990 in late February. On February 25 it will be the location of an X-4.9 flare as it rotates back into view.

Long-lived active regions are a sign that solar maximum is here and starting to fade.

Check it out!

Stationkeeping Maneuver Today

Today at 2035 UTC (5:35 pm ET) SDO will execute a stationkeeping maneuver. For about 45 minutes from 2015 to 2100 UTC SDO data will be unavailable.

2014 Spring Eclipse Season has Begun

The SDO 2014 Spring Eclipse Season has begun! For the next 3 weeks the Earth will pass between SDO and the Sun around 0730 UTC each morning. They start short and last up to 72 minutes before tapering back to short.

Here is an image from our first eclipse. It is always nice to see the ragged edge of the Earth's atmosphere as the bright spots on the Sun shine through while the dimmer regions disappear. Here we can see AR 11988 near the edge of the Earth, with a coronal hole just to the right. Active regions 11981-11984 are further to the right and are hardly affected by the Earth, although they soon disappear behind the Earth.

When SDO can't see the Sun we don't get data. Eclipses are one of our largest data holes. But the orbit gives us 24/7 access to the data flow. So far we have received 98% of the data, so the eclipses aren't a problem but they are pretty!

Whoa, an X4.9 Flare!

This morning the Sun released an X4.9 flare from AR 11990 at 13 S, 78 E on the solar disk. It can be seen in this AIA 94 image as the bright area on the left of the image. It appears that there is a filament leaving the Sun as well in this image from 0047 UTC.

The flare lasted from 0039 UTC until 0103 UTC. The area of impact would be the sunlit side of Earth, with the greatest effects at the sub-solar point. Any coronal mass ejection from this location is unlikely to hit the Earth but might be measured by the STEREO spacecraft.

Solar Max Geek Out

When I think about solar maximum it isn’t just sunspot number. I think about how bright the Sun has gotten in the wavelengths of light that cause space weather. Satellite drag and radio outages are two space weather effects that are caused by light at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths, roughly 10-125 nm. This light is so completely absorbed by the atmosphere that it never reaches the surface of the Earth. In space we must be to see the EUV.

Here is a squiggly line chart of the Sun's EUV brightness in six wavelengths, averaged over each day. The data come from EVE on SDO. The squiggles start in May 2010 and continue until February 2014. I plotted the logarithm of the brightness to make all of the lines visible. As the Sun emits more light at one wavelength the squiggle goes higher on the chart. Each line has a different color and they are labeled to the right with the element and wavelength of the line. The other number is we will explain in a minute. He II 304 is the brightest, followed by C III 977 and H I 1026. The three iron wavelengths are next.

You can make similar plots of each wavelength with the EVE data browser on the SDO website.

Since SDO was launched each of these wavelengths has gotten brighter in its own way. The peak He II 304 irradiance was in February 2014 and a horizontal line is drawn at that value. The smallest He II 304 value was in June 2010 and another horizontal line is drawn at that value. The ratio of the brightest to the dimmest is 2.1. The same max and min lines are drawn for the H I 1026 irradiance, with a ratio of 1.7. The Fe XVI 335 wavelength is 12 times brighter, the biggest ratio of these wavelengths. We now see that the other number in the label is the ratio of the brightest to the dimmest the Sun has been in the EVE data.

The biggest monthly sunspot number so far in Solar Cycle 24 is 97 in November 2011. I drew a vertical line at that date. The sunspot number was 91 for January 2014, a little less than November 2011. The iron wavelengths are all about the same brightness now as they were then, but He II 304 is distinctly brighter now. H I 1026 is as bright now as it was in November 2011. These differences in brightness during solar maximum show how complicated the sunspot cycle is.

The different wavelengths look the same at other times. A “wave” appears during the second half of 2012 in all six wavelengths. Each wave is a turn of the Sun. During this time the Sun was brighter and dimmer in a pattern that turned with the Sun. We see the rotations most of the time but 2012 is a great episode of “As the Sun Turns.”

These data show why it so difficult to say when solar maximum happened. Each wavelength has a different timing of it’s peak brightness. Even as we use sunspot number to say when solar maximum was, we should keep in mind that solar maximum is not a point in time but extends over several years.